What is one of the major "grand theories" of social change proposed by Karl Marx?

The notion that collective action is rational and desirable for change is a significant aspect of Karl Marx's theories on social change. Marx emphasized the importance of class struggle and collective action as essential mechanisms through which societal transformation occurs. He believed that marginalized groups, particularly the proletariat or working class, could unify and organize collectively to challenge the capitalist structure that benefited a small elite at the expense of the majority.

In this framework, collective action is viewed not just as a response to economic oppression but as a strategic and essential means of enacting social change, promoting social justice, and advancing a socialist agenda. This aligns with Marx's belief that coordinated efforts among the working class can lead to revolutionary change, resulting in a more equitable society.

This perspective contrasts with the other options, which either diminish the role of collective action or present it as purely contingent on external factors like economic conditions or individual interests. Marx's theory stresses that while economic conditions are indeed foundational, it is the rational and collective response by the oppressed that has the potential to disrupt existing power structures and drive societal change.